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PPL · EASA 050 · Clouds and fog
The base of cumulus cloud from the dew point
On a sunny afternoon the surface temperature is 22 °C and the dew point is 13 °C. At about what height above the ground will the cumulus clouds form?
Explanation
Warm air rising from the ground cools at the dry adiabatic lapse rate, 3 °C per 1 000 ft, while its dew point falls by only about 0.5 °C per 1 000 ft. The gap between them closes by 2.5 °C every 1 000 ft, so each degree of spread at the surface gives about 400 ft of climb before the air is saturated and cloud forms. In the formula, T is the surface temperature and T_d (Td in the diagram) the dew point, in °C, and h_base the cloud base in feet above the ground.
Step by step
- Spread at the surface: 22 − 13 = 9 °C.
- The spread closes at 3 − 0.5 = 2.5 °C per 1 000 ft, that is 1 °C every 400 ft.
- 9 × 400 = 3 600 ft above the ground.
Why not the other answers
- 1 125 ft uses 125 per degree, the metric rule (about 125 m of climb per °C of spread), and reads the result as feet. In feet it is about 400 ft per °C.
- 8 800 ft multiplies the temperature, not the spread between the temperature and the dew point.
- 4 500 ft cools the rising air at the ISA 2 °C per 1 000 ft and keeps the dew point fixed. A rising parcel of unsaturated air cools at the dry adiabatic 3 °C per 1 000 ft, and its dew point falls too.
Tip. This works for cloud formed by surface heating. The result is above the ground, not above sea level: add the elevation of the field to compare it with an altitude. Some exam sources (the UK CAA) use spread ÷ 3 × 1 000 ft, which ignores the fall of the dew point and gives a slightly lower base; both are rules of thumb.
Original questions written by FlightDesk Aero and aligned with the EASA syllabus. They are not questions from the official EASA exam bank.